RESEARCH

Sources

Any discussion of postmodernism must be preceded by at least a provisional definition of modernism. First there is modernism with a capital "M," which designates a style and ideology and that is not restricted to a specific historical moment or geographical location. Modernist designers from the Bauhaus in Germany, the De Style in Holland, and Constructivism in Russia, share essentially the same Modernist ideology as designers like Paul Rand, Massimo Vignelli, and Eric Spiekermann. Its primary tenet is that the articulation of form should always be derived from the programmatic dictates of the object being designed. In short, form follows function.

Modernism was for the most part formed in art schools, where the pedagogical strategies were developed that continue to this day in design schools. It is a formalist, rationalist, visual language that can be applied to a wide range of circumstances. All kinds of claims can and have been made in an effort to keep Modernism eternally relevant and new. The contradiction of being constant, yet always new, has great appeal for graphic designers, whose work is so ephemeral.

Then there is the modern, with a small "m." It is often confused with Modernism with a big M, but being a modern designer simply means being dedicated to working in a way that is contemporary and innovative, regardless of what your particular stylistic or ideological bias may be. Modern designers who were not necessarily Modernist would include designers like Milton Glaser, Charles and Ray Eames, and Tadanori Yokoo.

It was defined by some as both an aesthetic movement and periodising concept, the obvious merit is that this movement was about breaking boundaries previously defined by Modernists, leading to a entirely new perspective on design, which helped create iconic post-modern designers such as Neville Brody, Ed Fella and Stefan Sagmeister.

http://www.dezeen.com/2011/09/26/postmodernism-style-and-subversion-1970-1990-at-the-va/

https://issuu.com/davidfinkbarrentine/docs/final_graphic_design_history_book_d9ded433ce4902

http://www.eyemagazine.com/review/article/understanding-the-p-word

http://designobserver.com/archives/rickpoynor.php

http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/20/postmodernism-10-key-moments

http://www.slideshare.net/lovegraphix/postmodern-graphic-design

https://ha065.wordpress.com/gamswen/postmodern-graphic-design/

http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4514&context=etd

https://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/postmodernism/modules/jamesonpostmodernity.html

http://www.tsd.ac.uk/en/media/uniweb/content/documents/departments/lrc/thestudentresearcher/vol2no2journalarticles/SamanthaWestwood_StudentResV2N2.pdf

https://www.academia.edu/406677/_Space_Conceptualization_in_the_Context_of_Postmodernity_Theorizing_Spatial_Representations_International_Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_Social_Sciences_Volume_3_Issue_6_pp._105-114_2008_

http://www.theartstory.org/definition-postmodernism.htm

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lliBuozeoOgC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=PARODY+NO+MORE+RULES&source=bl&ots=ijO-hLv7qk&sig=bnzqTKCp0AAksWh9HV__Ld2uK5M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR0vn-vKXMAhUIXiwKHR7mDsoQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.behance.net/gallery/5054535/Ed-Fella-Quote-More-Into-Less

https://troycjdownes.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/influences-on-the-work-of-neville-brody/

http://www.ranker.com/list/famous-modernism-artists/reference?page=2

http://www.tsd.ac.uk/en/media/uniweb/content/documents/departments/lrc/thestudentresearcher/vol2no2journalarticles/SamanthaWestwood_StudentResV2N2.pdf

http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4514&context=etd

http://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-postmodernism-20791

http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/2534/1/02/19/jdh.ept003.full%3Fkeytype%3Dref%26%2520ijkey%3DKsE0nDeL6DNfZKz

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http://arthistoryresources.net/modernism/roots.html

https://www.academia.edu/10347423/FIVE_FACES_OF_MODERNITY_Modernism_Avant-Garde_Decadence_Kitsch 

http://www.creativebloq.com/graphic-design/easy-guide-design-movements-modernism-10134971

http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/may/26/art

http://www.typetoken.net/publication/wolfgang-weingart-weingart-typography-museum-of-design-zurich-%E2%80%94-my-way-to-typography-lars-muller-publishers/

http://guity-novin.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/record-album-covers.html

http://infed.org/mobi/post-modernism-and-post-modernity/

http://99u.com/videos/6056/Michael-Bierut-5-Secrets-from-86-Notebooks